Background and purpose: Knowledge-based industries are expanding their market share, and the technical expertise of personnel within this sector is on the rise. This research aims to employ interpretive structural modeling of technical Knowledge in the pharmaceutical industry for global Markets. Research method: This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with fundamental and applied objectives. The statistical population consisted of 15 experts and faculty members with Knowledge in the relevant field. Initially, the dimensions of human technical Knowledge in medicine were gathered from existing literature and research studies. Following interviews with the experts, which served to validate the dimensions, the interpretive structural modeling method was employed to confirm the model. Findings: The findings indicate that the technical Knowledge of human resources in the medical field encompasses 13 dimensions. Of these, 12 components were classified at the first level, while the component related to strategies for entering the international market was positioned at the second level, demonstrating the greatest impact on the overall model. Conclusion: The findings of this research will significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry. By concentrating on strategies to penetrate international Markets through the export of technical Knowledge related to human resources, pharmaceutical companies can contribute positively to the economy and enhance foreign exchange.

Background and objective: The domestic market is relatively small for Knowledge-based products, therefore, every Knowledge-based company for growth and development must enter international Markets. While, the entry process is full of obstacles and challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers that health-related Knowledge-based companies face when entering international Markets. Methods and Materials: In this research, the review study method and the expert panel have been used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 25), descriptive statistics, and non-parametric testing of Kruskal Wallis. Results: The findings showed the main internal barriers were lack of investment in research and development activities, lack of research cooperation between industry and academia, lack of participation in international exhibitions, the main external obstacles were the lack of access to the distribution channel, the existence of other competitors with famous brands and lack of Knowledge of the laws and regulations of foreign countries. Conclusion: This study provides practical advice to managers of Knowledge-based companies intending to enter international Markets, including: investing in research and development activities, Research cooperation between industry and academia, attending prestigious domestic and foreign exhibitions, access to a suitable distribution channel, identifying foreign competitors with famous brands and being aware of the laws and regulations of foreign countries.

In recent years, the development of a Knowledge-based economy and the presence of Iranian companies in global Markets has become one of the main economic priorities of the country. The purpose of this study is to develop and develop a strategic model for the transnational presence of Knowledge-based companies in foreign Markets in a mixed exploratory study. After identifying the Knowledge-based companies’ internationalization constructs in a qualitative study in this research, by interviewing 14 connoisseurs and analyzing the data that acquired from the interviews using the grounded theory method, in a quantitative study and collecting information through a questionnaire of 243 in 73 company, the partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling has been used to estimate and calculate the relationships in the achieved model. Analysis of research data shows that the combination of three categories of resource-oriented, network-oriented, and entrepreneur-oriented components can lead to the sustainable international presence of Iranian Knowledge-based companies. And their strategy is to grow through a customer-oriented competition based on technology, and they can get improved performance in three components: reputation, survival, and technological growth.

Objective: Knowledge-based companies are not able to develop innovation alone due to their complex and non-linear nature of the innovation process. They are highly dependent on external actors to improve their innovation capabilities, and thus they create innovation ecosystems that expand their boundaries. The innovation ecosystem is a fluid and multidimensional concept, and its recognition requires a comprehensive and holistic approach. This research initially seeks to identify actors in the innovation ecosystem that cause Knowledge-based companies to enter international Markets, and then presents a model of these actors. Method: The research method in this article is descriptive-survey, using exploratory-applied method, in terms of the type of data, it is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) and in terms of data collection method, it is of secondary and field data collection method (interview-questionnaire). The statistical population in the qualitative stage includes experts and entrepreneurs in Knowledge-based companies who had relevant executive and research experience, and in the quantitative stage, it includes entrepreneurs and managers of Knowledge-based companies in Semnan province, with at least 10 years of work experience. Findings: According to the quality of the primary codes and its organization in the form of concepts and categories, the innovation ecosystem includes financing conditions, political conditions, laws and regulations, communication mechanisms and influential actors in five categories. The results in the qualitative part indicate that a total of 87 initial codes were counted, then they were categorized in the form of 5 categories of second-level organizing themes, where political conditions and laws and regulations are the most influential, and financing and communication mechanisms are the most impressionable actors in the ecosystem. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, the innovation ecosystem includes five categories of financing conditions, political conditions, laws and regulations, communication mechanisms and influential actors. To be strongly present in the economy, Knowledge-based companies are required to optimize their organization and strengthen their competitive base, which in this research are accelerators, financing from banks (loans), investors or angels, and family support as sources of financing. In political conditions, some researchers point to the role of the government in facilitating entrepreneurial activities and creating new companies in international Markets. Some of the most important government policies and programs for the development of entrepreneurship include creating political stability, allowing entry into target Markets and access to payment gateways for Knowledge-based companies.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and Knowledge justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

Purpose:Information and communication technology (ICT), in addition to its intrinsic importance, is considered a platform for the growth of businesses. The development and increasing diversity of technologies have provided many opportunities for exporting ICT products and services to regional Markets and the effective presence of Knowledge-based companies in international arenas. This research aims to identify and prioritize dimensions and factors affecting the export of ICT services to regional Markets by Iranian Knowledge-based companies. Method:This research is applied in terms of purpose and is survey research from the perspective of strategy. To achieve the goal of the research, first, by conducting library studies, the factors affecting the export of ICT services by Knowledge-based companies were identified. Then, to screen and localize the identified factors for Iranian Knowledge-based companies in the ICT industry, 20 companies sampled through purposeful method managers were surveyed using the Delphi algorithm. Since the final factors did not have the same weight and degree of importance, to evaluate and measure the importance of each dimension and factor, the Group Analytic Hierarchy Process (G-AHP) method was applied. Findings:The results of the research indicated that three dimensions such as price, technology and technical, and managerial and organizational with weights of 0.252, 0.179, and 0.162 respectively were key dimensions and three factors such as the global price of products, costs related to exports, and official and free exchange rates with weights of 0.1515, 0.0708, and 0.0561 respectively were the most important factors affecting the export of ICT services of Iranian Knowledge-based companies to regional Markets. Finally, appropriate solutions were suggested to strengthen and improve each of these dimensions. Conclusion:By examining and analyzing the findings of the research, it can be concluded that due to the weakness of the Rial, the price of technological and engineering products in the country has a significant gap with foreign competitors. A large amount of expenses in the field of exporting engineering products and information and communication technology is from wages, which despite the increasing inflation, the manpower in Iran is much cheaper than in the countries of the region, even for specialists, and it should be considered as an irreplaceable competitive advantage. In addition, the existence of international sanctions has doubled the incentive to internalize and strengthen the capacities of the domestic elite to localize ICT infrastructures. Unfortunately, due to the lack of deep Knowledge of the joint chambers of commerce of Iran and other countries in the field of information and communication technologies, a large amount of export development is focused on food and construction products and raw materials of industries. Therefore, if the authorities' policy in supporting technologists in this field is severe, experts in this field should be used in diplomatic delegations and Chamber of Commerce trips to provide the basis for developing the export of information and communication technology products and services.